[177] THORNDIKE, op. cit. [note 3], page 477. See also KARL-OTTO KUPPE, _Die Blutegel in der Aerztlichen Praxis_ (reprint, Stuttgart: Hippocrates-Verlag, 1955), pages 9-11.
[178] HARTNETT, op. cit. [note 175], page 132.
[179] JONATHAN OSBORNE, "Observations on Local Bloodletting, and on Some New Methods of Practicing It," _Dublin Journal of Medical and Chemical Science_, volume 3 (1833), pages 334-342.
[180] See, for example, MAISON CHARRIÈRE, ROBERT ET COLLIN, op. cit. [note 149], page 42 and plate 9.
[181] JOHN BERRY HAYCRAFT, "On the Coagulation of the Blood," 9 pages, extracted from _Proceedings of the Royal Society of London_, volume 231 (1884).
[182] THORNDIKE, op. cit. [note 3], page 477. MERAT, op. cit. [note 172], page 528, cited an extreme case in which a woman suffering from peritonitis was given a total of 250 leeches in 24 hours. She died soon after.
[183] STILLE AND MAISCH, op. cit. [note 173], page 715; THACHER, op. cit. [note 173], page 231.
[184] HARTNETT, op. cit. [note 175], page 132; J. K. CRELLIN, op. cit. [note 33], pages 127-134.
[185] ANDREW H. SMITH, "An Artificial Leech," _Medical Record_, volume 4 (1869-70), page 406.
[186] In addition to the references below, articles on artificial leeches include DR. MONTAIN, "Considérations thérapeutiques sur l'emploi du pneumo-derme, nouvel instrument destiné à remplacer les sangsues et les ventouses," _Bulletin Général de thérapeutique_, volume 11 (1836), pages 311-315; J. J. TWEED, "A Description of the Apparatus for Employing the Mechanical Leeches," _Medical Times_, volume 21 (1850), pages 36-37; and SAMUEL THEOBALD, "An Improved Method of Applying the Artificial Leech," _American Journal of Medical Science_, new series, volume 70 (1875), pages 139-142.
[187] SARLANDIÈRE, "Ventouse," _Dictionnaire des sciences médicales_, volume 57 (Paris, 1821), pages 174-178; PAULET, "Bdellometre," _Dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences médicales_, series 1, volume 8 (Paris, 1868), pages 632-633; L. GRESELY, "Dissertation sur les sangsues, le nouveau scarificateur, et sur leur emploi en médecine" (Paris: Faculty of Medicine, 1820), dissertation no. 202.
[188] ROBLEY DUNGLISON, _Medical Lexicon: A New Dictionary of Medical Science_, 3rd edition (Philadelphia, 1842). The bdellometer was listed in later editions of this dictionary throughout the nineteenth century.