[144] GEORGE TIEMANN & CO., _American Armamentarium Chirurgicum_ (New York, 1889), page 825.
[145] For one listing of the disadvantages of the common scarificator, see BLATIN, "Scarificator nouveau," _Bulletin de l'Académie Royale de Medècine_, volume 11 (1845-1846), pages 87-90. Blatin patented a new scarificator in 1844 that supposedly overcame the difficulties he listed.
[146] JAMES COXETER, "New Surgical Instruments," _The Lancet_ (November 15, 1845), page 538; JAMES COXETER & SON, _A Catalogue of Surgical Instruments_ (London, 1870), page 48. Coxeter sold his scarificator for 2 pounds, 2 shillings, while he offered his "best scarificator, with old action" for two pounds.
[147] GREAT BRITAIN PATENT OFFICE, _Subject-Matter Index of Patents of Invention_, 1617-1852, 2 volumes (London, 1957); U.S. PATENT OFFICE, _Subject Matter Index of Patents for Invention (Brevets d'invention) Granted in France from 1791 to 1876 Inclusive_ (Washington, 1883).
[148] CHARRIÈRE [firm], _Cinq notices réunies presentées a MM. les membres des jurys des expositions françaises de 1834, 1839, 1844, et 1849, et de l'exposition universelle de Londres en 1851_ (Paris, 1851), page 56.
[149] MAISON CHARRIÈRE, ROBERT ET COLLIN, SUCCESSEURS, [Catalogue générale] (Paris, 1867), pages 42, 44, and plate 9.
[150] Patent specifications, U.S. patent 4705; TIEMANN & CO., op. cit. [note 144], page 115. Tiemann was awarded an earlier patent for a scarificator in 1834 (unnumbered U.S. patent, 26 August 1834), which seems to have employed a coiled spring similar to that found in the Charrière scarificator. The fifth U.S. patent for a scarificator was issued in 1846 to A. F. Ahrens of Philadelphia (U.S. patent 4717) for a circular scarificator in which all the blades were attached to a movable plate.
[151] Patent specifications, U.S. patent 5111.
[152] Patent specifications, U.S. patent 8095.
[153] DYCE DUCKWORTH, "On the Employment of Dry-Cupping," _The Practitioner: A Monthly Journal of Therapeutics_, volume 2 (1869), page 153.
[154] Ibid., page 155. For more information on counter-irritation, see BROCKBANK, op. cit. [note 88]. Blisters were substances (including mustard and cantharides) that when applied to the skin, occasioned a serous secretion and the raising of the epidermis to form a vesicle. Cautery was the application of a red-hot iron to the skin. A seton was a long strip of linen or cotton thread passed through the skin by a seton needle. Each day a fresh piece of thread was drawn through the sore. Moxa were cones of cotton wool or other substances which were placed upon the skin and burned.