The Labor movement of South Korea includes multiple labor movements and organizations that advocate for the rights and well-being of workers. Organizations have emerged with differing political ideologies and methods on how to achieve their goals. South Korean organized labor is also active in other movements, allowing for solidarity between organizations. The movement originated in the 19th century while under Japanese rule as a way to organize workers.
Later, the movement developed alongside the growing working class. The movement employs a variety of methods as a means to bargain. Since its inception, multiple unions have been created to advocate for workers.
Origins
The first labor union was established under colonial Japanese rule in 1910. Named the Seongjin Stevedores Union, it consisted of 47 workers. During this time period, unions were limited in their scope as they were small in size and membership. Due to this, unions were limited to occupational and regional-based unions. It was during this time that the labor movement divided into two differing ideologies: pro-Korean Identity and pro-Japanese Identity. As opposed to spontaneous revolts, the labor movement was able to organize regional strikes at this time.
History
Post 1945
In November 1945, socialists formed the General Council of Korea Trade Unions (GCKTU). Initial membership for the GCKTU was 180,000 workers and eventually grew to 553,408 members within two months. During August 1945 and February 1948, the GCKTU held over 3000 strikes which resulted in the deaths of 25 people and imprisonment of 11,000. The fallout from the strikes led to the creation of a labor department created by the American military, which restricted union political activity.
To protest this restriction, the GCKTU called for renewed strikes known as the September National Strikes but failed to achieve anything significant, which led to the GCKTU being banned. In an effort to oppose the GCKTU, a right-wing trade union known as Daehan Dogrib Chockseong Nodong Chongyeonmyeng or the General Federation of Korean Trade Unions (GFKTU) was formed in March 1946. The ban of the GCKTU led to the GFKTU to become the sole representative of Korean trade unions. The GFKTU was later named to the Federation of Korean Trade Unions (FKTU).
Federation of Korean Trade Unions
The FKTU or Federation of Korean Trade Unions was formed in March 1946 as an effort to oppose the left-leaning GCKTU. The formation of the FKTU had two goals, to support the conservative government and to oppose left-leaning labor movements. The FKTU opposed many of the strikes the GCKTU conducted by attributing them as a means to gain political power. When the GCKTU was banned, the FKTU was the sole trade union, it represented South Korea in International Confederation of Free trade Unions in December 1949.
In 1952, President Syngman Rhee took control of the union and incorporated into the Liberal Party. In 1953 the Labor Standards Act, the Labor Union Act and the Labor disputes adjustment act were passed by the government. The Labor Standards Act guaranteed an eight-hour workday. In April 1960, President Syngman Rhee was removed from his position by the student movement which led to the FKTU dissolve all ties with the Labor Party. In April 1971, the FKTU established the Committee on Political Education (COPE) as a way to educated members on political issues and help political campaigns that supported workers' rights.
Jeon Tae-il
Jeon Tae-il was an activist who was most known for his act of martyrdom. Jeon formed a group known as the "Fool's Organization" as a means to fight for the better treatment of workers. They reported problems such as illegal working conditions or other offenses that violated the Labor Standards Act to government officials . Spurred by the ineffectiveness of the government to improve working conditions, Jeon Tae-il committed suicide by lighting himself on fire as a means of protest. Chun's actions inspired others to do the same. This method is one of the most extreme methods the labor movement employs.
Gwangju Uprising
The Gwangju Uprising served as the first step towards democracy in South Korea .
The Gwangju Uprising refers to the events that took place in May 1980. Although the movement was conceived by students, overtime the working class made up a bulk of the participants. The events of this uprising led to the deaths of at least 164 people. Statistics for this event can vary from sources due to alleged coverups, where bodies were burned or dumped into the ocean and unmarked graves.