Arabic.--The native lexicons are very many, voluminous and copious. In the preface to his great Arabic-English lexicon, Lane describes 33, the most remarkable of which are-the _'Ain_, so called from the letter which begins its alphabet, commonly ascribed to al Khalil (who died before A.H. 175 [A.D. 791], aged seventy-four): the _Sihah_ of Jauhari (died 398 [1003]): the _Mohkam_ of Ibn Sidah the Andalusian, who was blind, and died A.H. 458 [A.D. 1066], aged about sixty: the _Asas_ of Zamakhshari (born 467 [1075], died 538 [1144]), "a most excellent repertory of choice words and phrases": the _Lis[=a]n el 'Arab_ of Ibn Mukarram (born 630 [1232], died 711 [1311]); Lane's copy is in 28 vols. 4to: the _Kamus_ (The Sea) of Fairuzabadi (born 729 [1328], died 816 [1413]),: the _Taj el Arus_, by Murtada Ez Zebadi (born A.D. 1732, died 1791)--the copy made for Lane is in 24 vols. thick 4to. The _Sihah_ was printed Hardervici Getorum, 1774, 4to; Bulak, 1865, fol. 2 vols.: _Kamus_, Calcutta, 1817, fol. 2 vols.; Bombay, 1855, fol. 920 pages: _Sirr el Lagal_, by Farish esh Shidiac, Tunis, fol. 609 pages: _Muh[=i]t al Muh[=i]t_, by Beitrus Al Bustani Beirut, 1867-1870, 2 vols. 4to, 2358 pages (abridged as _Katr Al Muhit_, ib. 1867-1869, 2 vols. 8vo, 2352 pages), is excellent for spoken Arabic. PERSIAN.--The _Surah_, by Jumal, Calcutta, 1812-1815, 2 vols. 4to: _Samachsharii Lexicon_, ed. Wetzstein, Leipz. 1845, 4to; 1850: _Muntakhal al Loghat_, Calcutta, 1808; ib. 1836; Lucknow, 1845; Bombay, 1862, 8vo, 2 vols.: _Muntaha l'Arabi_, 4 vols. fol. 1840: _Shams al Loghat_, Bombay, 1860, fol. 2 vols. 509 pages. TURKISH.--_Achteri Kabir_, Constantinople. 1827, fol.: _El Kamus_, ib. 1816, fol. 3 vols.; translated by Açan Effendi, Bulak, fol. 3 vols.; _El Sihah_, translated by Al Vani, Constantinople, 1728, fol. 2 vols.: 1755-1756; Scutari, 1802, fol. 2 vols. LATIN.--Raphelengius, Leiden, 1613, fol.: Giggeius, Mediolani, 1632, fol. 4 vols.: Golius Lugd. Bat. 1653, fol. (the best before Lane's): Jahn, Vindobonae, 1802, 8vo: Freytag, Halle, 1830-1838, 4 vols. 4to; abridged, ib. 1837, 4to. ENGLISH.--Catafago (Arab.-Eng. and Eng.-Arab.), London, 1858, 8vo, 2 vols.; 2nd ed. 1873, 8vo: Lane, London, 1863-1893 (edited after Lane's death, from 1876, by his grandnephew, Stanley Lane-Poole. The Arabic title is _Medd el Kamoos_, meaning either the Flow of the Sea, or The Extension of the Kamus. It was undertaken in 1842, at the suggestion and at the cost of the 6th duke of Northumberland, then Lord Prudhoe, by Mr Lane, who returned to Egypt for the purpose, and lived in Cairo for seven years to study, and obtain copies of, the great MS. lexicons in the libraries of the mosques, few of which had ever been seen by a European, and which were so quickly disappearing through decay, carelessness and theft, that the means of composing such a work would not long have existed). Newman (modern), ib. 1872, 8vo, 2 vols. 856 pages. FRENCH.--Ruphy (Fr.-Ar.), Paris, 1802, 4to: Bochtor (do.), Paris, 1828, 4to, 2 vols.; 2nd ed. ib. 1850: Roland de Bussy (Algiers, Fr.-Ar.), Alger, 1835, 16mo: Id., 1836, 8vo; 1839: Berggren (Fr.-vulg. Ar., Syria and Egypt.), Upsala, 1844, 4to: Farhat (Germanos), revu par Rochaid ed Dahdah, Marseille, 1849, 4to: Biberstein Kasimirski, Paris, 1846, 8vo, 2 vols.; 1853-1856; 1860, 2 vols. 3032 pages: Marcel (vulgar dialects of Africa), Paris, 1830; 1835, 8vo; 1837; enlarged, 1869, 8vo; Paulmier (Algeria), 2nd ed. Paris, 1860, 8vo, 931 pages; 1872: Bernard (Egypt), Lyon, 1864, 18mo: Cuche, Beirut, 1862, 8vo; 1867: Nar Bey (A. Calfa), 2nd ed. Paris, 1872, 12mo, 1042 pages: Cherbonneau (written language), Paris, 1876, 2 vols. 8vo: Id. (Fr.-Ar.), Paris, 1872, 8vo: Beausier (Algiers, Tunis, legal, epistolary), Alger, 1871, 4to, 764 pages; 1873. GERMAN.--Seyfarth (Algeria), Grimma, 1849, 16mo: Wolff (Mod. Ar.), Leipzig, 1867, 8vo: Wahrmund (do.), Giessen, 1870-1875, 8vo, 4 vols. ITALIAN.--Germano, Roma, 1636, 8vo; (Ar. Lat. It.), Romae, 1639, fol.: _Dizionario_, Bulak. 1824, 4to: Schiaparelli, Firenze, 1871, 4to, 641 pages. SPANISH.--Alcala, Grenada, 1505, 4to: Cañes, Madrid, 1787, fol. 3 vols. SUFI TECHNICAL TERMS.--Abd Errahin, ed. Sprenger, Calcutta, 1845, 8vo. TECHNICAL TERMS OF THE MUSSULMAN SCIENCES.--Abd al Hagg and Gholam Kadir, Calcutta, 1853-1862, 4to, 1593 pages. MEDICAL TERMS.--Pharaon and Bertherand, Paris, 1860, 12mo. MATERIA MEDICA.--Muhammed Abd Allah Shirazi, _Ulfaz Udwiyeh_, translated by Gladwin (Eng. Pers. Hindi), Calcutta, 1793, 4to, 1441 words. NOMS DES VÊTEMENTS.--Dozy, Amst. 1845, 8vo. WÖRTER IN ENTGEGENGESETZTEN BEDEUTUNGEN.--Redslob, Göttingen, 1873, 8vo. KORAN.--Willmet (also in Haririum et vitam Timuri), Lugd. Bat. 1784, 4to; Amst. 1790: Fluegel, _Concordantia_, Leipz.