Villain enfranchised by joining Merchant Gild, 16, 22, 30
Wales, 2, 30, 146, 154 incorporated with England, 79 cloth trade of, 3, 89-97, 99 Prince of, 27, 38, 79
Wigan, 147 leve-lookers or gate-waiters at, 152
Winchester, 16, 25, 35, 85, 147, 148, 155
Women, members of gilds, 39, 40 but not burgesses, 18
Wool-comber, 28 wool-buyer, 29 woollen-trade, 78
Working men, of middle ages, 49 degraded by Reformation, 75 and by subsequent policy, 106 hopes for their future, 142-144
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. & SONS, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
[1] I speak of the old edition. I have not had the advantage of using the newer work.
[2] That the land did not contain a population adequate for its cultivation is evident from a Statute of 1350 which allows the people of the Marches of Wales (and Scotland) to go about in search of work at harvest-time, as they had been accustomed to do aforetime. (_Rot. Parl._ II. 234.) _Work and Wages_, pp. 131-2.
[3] Cf. Thackeray, _The Four Georges_, p. 320, "decayed provincial capitals, out of which the great wen of London has sucked all the life."
[4] Macaulay. _History of Eng._, Vol. I. pp. 165-6. Infra, Chap. VII.
[6] Brentano, 44, 52, 54, 58. Green, _Short Hist._, 193. G. Howell, _Conflicts of Capital and Labour_, 22-25, 29, 31.
[7] Cunningham, _Growth of Industry_, 212. Brentano, 90, 95.
[10] _The Hist. and Development of Gilds._ Cf. especially Note 1.
[11] _Ibid._ 8. "The objects of the [Greek: eranoi] were of the most varied description; ... associations of this kind were very common in the democratic states of Greece, and to this class the numberless political and religious societies, corporations, unions for commerce and shipping, belonged." Boeckh, _Public Economy of Athens_, p. 243.
[12] Grote, _Hist. of Greece_, Vol. VI. p. 247, n. 1, where several interesting parallels with the Mediæval Gilds will be found. (Cf. also infra, p. 34, note 2.)
[13] E. Hatch, Bampton Lectures, Lect. II. notes.
[15] Cf. _Die klösterlichen Gebets Verbrüderungen bis zum Ausgange des Karolingischen Zeitalters_, von Dr Adalbert Ebner. Similar spiritual confederations are found in Italy in the second quarter of the eighth century, and in the ninth they become common in southern Europe. Alcuin speaks of them by the terms _pacta caritatis_, _fraternitas_, _familiaritas_. The monks of the allied houses were termed _familiares_. Dr Brentano (p. 20) says that at later times "conventions like that between the Fraternity of London Saddlers and the neighbouring Canons of St Martin-le-Grand, by which the saddlers were admitted into brotherhood and partnership of masses, orisons, and other good deeds with the canons, were common."