The 1859 Perugia uprising occurred on 20 June 1859, in Perugia, central Italy. The inhabitants rebelled against the temporal authority of the pope (under the Papal States) and established a provisional government, but the insurrection was bloodily suppressed by Pope Pius IX's troops.
When Perugia later became free of papal control, due to Italian unification, King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy sent some of his troops to protect the retreating Swiss guards from the vengeful citizens.
Origins
The Second Italian War of Independence saw eight hundred youths from Perugia rush to volunteer in the Sardinian Army in the northern front of Italy, while in Perugia itself an insurrectionary committee made contact with the Società Nazionale, particularly with the latter at Florence and Bologna.
On the 14th of June, the committee asked the pontifical government, through the intermediary of its representative at Perugia, Luigi Giordani, to abandon the position of neutrality it had adopted in the war in Italy. With the refusal to collaborate from the pontifical representative, the committee expulsed him and created a provisional government, which offered the dictatorship to Victor-Emmanuel.
This organisation organised a commandment of the town square, a defence committee and other essential governing bodies for public surety and defence. These were necessary because it became quickly apparent that the pontifical government had decided to prevent patriotic movements which threatened what was left of the Papal States. The pontifical government was not prepared to give up Perugia, and prepared to make, by retaking it by force, an example that would be remembered. It also clearly appeared that there was no support to reach for from Cavour, who had his hands tied by the agreements with Napoleon III, although he found the insurrection in Perugia had strong motivations that would be useful for his political campaigns.
The Cardinal State Secretary Giacomo Antonelli, informed of what had happened, gave the order on the 14th of June to Giordani (who had retired to Foligno) "to stop all disorder, calling if necessary a company from Spoleto", in the expectation of reinforcements of "two thousand men and perhaps even of the French". The French aid was rejected however by the commander of the occupation body of Goyon, but they prepared the expedition of the first foreign regiment, which counted around 1700 men, under the orders of colonel Anton Schmid, a Swiss mercenary leader from Altdorf in papal service since 1855. They arrived at Foligno on the 19th of June, where Schmid, Giordani and the State Counsellor Luigi Lattanzi decided to head directly towards Pelugia, to prevent the arrival of reinforcements from Tuscany.
Massacres and pillaging
The provisional government launched a courageous call to the people to prepare to defend themselves.
During the 20th of June the pontifical troops, two thousand strong and composed of a large section of Swiss, appeared before Perugia. They found before them several thousand citizens dispersed across a vast front, badly organised and badly armed - from Tuscany arrived hundreds of guns but many were not in good condition - the patriots were animated with a fierce will to defend themselves.
The resistance was broken after a brief but fierce combat which had the Port San Pietro as its epicentre; the pontifical forces lost 10 men and the Perugians 27. The battle was followed by pillage, accompanied by a massacre of the civilian population, which immediately made this first episode of the people’s war of 1859 infamous.
A prominent figure throughout these massacres was the abbot of the monastery of San Pietro, Placido Acquacotta, who hid numerous civilians and helped them in their escape.
Testimonies
“By the confession of Schmidt, thirty houses were pillaged in which the women were massacred; a monastery, two churches, a hospital, and an orphanage of young girls were invaded and two of the girls were raped in view of their mistresses and their comrades. Following the atrocity of the looters, as a logical continuation, the legal government was banned by Schmidt who with his acolytes benefitted from a large number of favours and honorific titles; solemn and magnificent funerals were celebrated by the Cardinal-Bishop Pecci, today Pope Leo XIII, with the devilish inscription carried on the catafalque: ‘Happy are those who die in the grace of the Lord.’”
— Il risorgimento, in “Storia generale d'Italia”», under the direction of Pasquale Villari. F. Vallardi editor. Milan, 1881, p. 376