"De la gent done esteit emmie[36] Poinst li cheval, criant _Tur aïe_[37]
Cil de France crient _Montjoie_. Willame crie _Dex aïe_: C'est l'enseigne de Normendie. E Renouf crie o grant pooir, _Saint Sever, Sire Saint Sevoir_. E Dam As Denz[38] va reclamant, _Saint Amant, Sire Saint Amant_." _Rom. de Rou_, ii. 32, seq.
In the fight between Lothaire, king of France, and Richard I., duke of Normandy,--
"Franceiz crient _Monjoe_, è Normanz _Dex aïe_: Flamenz crient _Asraz_ è Angevin _Valie_: E li Quens Thibaut _Chartres et passe avant_ crie."-- _Ibid._, i. 238.
"_Olicrosse_ sovent crioent, E _Godemite_ reclamoent. _Olicrosse_ est en engleiz Ke Sainte Croix est en franceiz; E _Godemite_ altretant Com en frenceiz Dex tot poissant."--_Ibid._, ii. 213.
To complete our sketch of the Anglo-Saxon warrior, we may add that he wore both beard and moustache, neither of which were in vogue among the soldiers of Duke William. Wace has not omitted this point. The Normans--
"N'unt mie barbe ne guernons[39], Co dist Heraut, com nos avons."--_Rom. de Rou_, ii. 174.[40]
Let us now examine a little more in detail the arms, offensive and defensive, of the various Northern tribes, at whose military institutions and practices we have taken so rapid a glance.
The SPEARS seem to have been of two kinds: the longer spear in use among the cavalry, or to be employed against them; and the shorter kind, which, as we have seen, might serve either as a javelin, or for the thrust at close quarters. In the accompanying groups of spear-heads, found in graves in different parts of Europe, we have collected the principal varieties of form[41]: the leaf-shaped, the lozenge, the spike, the ogee, the barbed, and the four-edged. These forms are infinitely varied in the monuments of the time, by giving to the weapons more or less of breadth or of slenderness. The blades are always of iron, and those found in England have a longitudinal opening in the socket. Their length is various, but they usually range from ten to fifteen inches. In the cemetery at Little Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire, the smallest found was two and a half inches, the longest eighteen inches[42]. In the Ozingell cemetery (in Kent), they occur of twenty-one inches in length[43]. The spear-heads of this period found in Ireland differ but little from the examples discovered in England and on the Continent. Those from the Ballinderry find, observes Mr. Wakeman, "are singularly like specimens found at Ozingell." In Anglo-Saxon interments, the spears occur in much greater numbers than any of the other weapons. The cemetery at Little Wilbraham produced thirty-five spears, but only four swords; and the axes, in all similar explorations, are of still greater rarity. These usual types of the spear-head found in Great Britain closely resemble those discovered in the graves of France, Germany, Denmark, and Switzerland. Numerous examples of them will be found figured in the Abbé Cochet's work[44], in Lindenschmit's Selzen Cemetery[45], in Worsaae's Copenhagen Museum[46], and in Troyon's _Tombeaux de Bel-Air_.