[247] Dr. Frazer is aware of this; see his _Kingship_, p. 285, note 1. See also Roscher in _Myth. Lex._, _s.v._ "Janus," p. 45 foll.
[248] For the evidence for this and the following facts, see Roscher's article just cited, or Wissowa, _R.K._ p. 91 foll.; cp. _R.F._ p. 280 foll. The cult epithets of Janus are thus explained by von Domaszewski, _Abhandlungen_, p. 223, note 1, "Bei Ianus tritt regelmässig der Begriff des Wesens hinzu, dessen Wirkung er von Anfang an bestimmt, so I. Consevius der Anfang der in Consus wirkenden Kraft, und in derselbe Weise I. Iunonius, Matutinus," etc. This is reasonable, but it does not suit with I. Patulcius-Clusius, and I cannot accept it with confidence at present.
[250] Wissowa, _Gesammelte Abhandlungen_, p. 284 foll.
[252] It is due to the good sense and learning of Dr. Roscher; he had previously, when working on the old methods, tried to prove that Janus was a "wind-god" (_Hermes der Windgott_, Leipzig, 1878); but a more searching inquiry into the Roman evidence, when the prepossessions had left him which the comparative method is so likely to produce, brought him to the view I have explained in outline, which has been adopted in the main by Wissowa, Aust, and J. B. Carter, as well as by myself in _R.F._ The last word about so puzzling a deity can of course never be said; but if we indulge in speculations about him we must use the Roman evidence with adequate knowledge of the criticism it needs.
[253] This difference between Zeus and Jupiter has been pointed out by Wissowa, _R.K._ p. 100; Jupiter stands for the heaven even in classical Latin literature, as we all know.
[254] See his papers in the _Classical Review_, vol. xvii. 270 and xviii. 365 foll., and in _Folklore_, vol. xv. 301; xvi. 260 foll.
[256] Macrobius i. 15. 14. In historical times a white victim, _ovis idulis_, was taken to the Capitol by the _via sacra_ in procession (Ov. _Fasti_, i. 56. 588). Festus says that some derived the term _via sacra_ from this procession (p. 290); and to this Horace may be alluding in _Ode_ iii. 30. 8, "dum Capitolium Scandet cum tacita virgine pontifex."
[259] No doubt Jupiter was specially connected with the oak, as Mr. Cook has shown with great learning in the paper cited above, note 36; but at Rome he had an ancient shrine among beeches, and was known as I. Fagutalis: Varro, _L.L._ v. 152; Paulus 87. For I. Viminalis, see _R.F._ p. 229.