The Bellmac 32 is a microprocessor developed by Bell Labs' processor division in 1980, implemented using CMOS technology and was the first microprocessor that could move 32 bits in one clock cycle. The microprocessor contains 150,000 transistors and improved on the speed of CMOS design by using "domino circuits". It was designed with the C programming language in mind. After its creation, an improved version was produced called the Bellmac 32A, then cancelled along with its successor, the "Hobbit" C-language Reduced Instruction Set Processor (CRISP).
History
The Bellmac 32 processor was developed by AT&T engineers in three different Bell Labs locations: Indian Hill, Holmdel and Murray Hill.
As the designers did not have automation tools, every chip designer had to use colored pencils for the completion of the initial design. Later, Steve Law developed a computer program that aided in the digitization of the initial designs.
The development of the Bellmac 32 produced a novel circuit design technique called domino logic, deemed a breakthrough for the production of the microprocessor. Tests performed during manufacture indicated that a clock frequency even higher than the 4 MHz target speed was possible. Implementing the control logic, however, proved unexpectedly complicated. These complications limited the final speed, when the entire chip was finished and tested, to 2 MHz. The team considered it as progress, but not as successful, as it could not meet the initial AT&T design goals.
Followup design meetings resulted in the Bellmac 32A project, as a second generation of the Bellmac microprocessor. The project once again selected CMOS technology and fixed the target clock frequency at 6.2 MHz. Adjustments to maximize the size of transistors and resistors and minimizing interconnections were fundamental in meeting the specifications. The engineers placed a 20-foot-by-20-foot engineering drawing of the chip layout on the floor of a large room. Testing of chips produced from the completed circuit exceeded the design speed, and reached clock frequencies of 7, 8, and even 9 MHz.
After the breakup of AT&T, Bell Labs became a component of Western Electric. With this change, the Bellmac 32 was renamed to WE 32000. Updated versions of the chip included the WE 32100, announced in June 1984, and the WE 32200.
Architecture
The Bellmac 32 has a pipelined architecture with an instruction fetch unit that serves to control access to main memory, and an execution unit which serves to monitor the process and manipulate data.
The instruction queue is filled with the instructions fetched from the memory. The address arithmetic unit serves for address calculations.
Programming language support
The Bellmac 32 architecture provides a variety of conveniences for programming language implementers. Procedure invocation involves the manipulation of four registers – the program counter, stack pointer, frame pointer and argument pointer – to transfer control between program procedures, along with use of the program stack to preserve register contents and communicate arguments and return values. Four instructions are offered to support such "procedure linkage": call saves the return address and argument pointer to the stack, save preserves selected registers in the range from R3 to R8 inclusive, restore restores any previously saved registers, and return obtains the stack frame prior to invocation and returns control to the saved return address. Addressing modes are provided that offer stack access relative to the argument pointer and frame pointer.
