CIVIL STRIFE IN ITALY, AND FOREIGN WARS, ENDING IN REVOLUTION 133-44 B.C.
Nam postquam Tiberius et C. Gracchus, quorum maiores Punico atque aliis bellis multum rei publicae addiderant, vindicare plebem in libertatem et paucorum celera patefacere coepere, nobilitas noxia atque eo perculsa, modo per socios et nomen Latinum, { 5} interdum per equites Romanos, quos spes societatis a plebe dimoverat, Gracchorum actionibus obviam ierat, et primo Tiberium, dein paucos post annos eadem ingredientem Gaium, tribunum alterum, alterum triumvirum coloniis deducendis, cum M. { 10} Fulvio Flacco ferro necaverat. Et sane Gracchis cupidine victoriae haud satis moderatus animus fuit. Sed bono vinci satius est quam malo more iniuriam vincere. Igitur ea victoria nobilitas ex lubidine sua usa multos mortales ferro aut fuga exstinxit plusque { 15} in reliquum sibi timoris quam potentiae addidit. Quae res plerumque magnas civitates pessum dedit, dum alteri alteros vincere quovis modo et victos acerbius ulcisci volunt.
[Linenotes: 1-3. +quorum maiores ... addiderant+, e.g. their grandfather P. Scipio Africanus Maior, and their father Tib. Sempronius Gracchus (in Spain and Sardinia). 3-4. +paucorum scelera ... coepere.+ (i) Tib. Gracchus by his Agrarian Law tried to counteract the selfish land-grabbing of the ruling class (in excess of the 500 _iugera_ limit of the Licinian Laws, 367 B.C.). (ii) C. Gracchus exposed the corrupt Senatorian Courts, transferred their judicial power to the Equites, and carried the Sempronian Law, ‘one of the cornerstones of individual liberty.’ 5. +per socios ... Latinum+, by working on Roman jealousy against the Italians, for whom equality was claimed. 6. +spes societatis+, i.e. the hope of sharing with the nobility in office, and in provincial appointments. 10. +triumvirum c. d.+, one of the three Commissioners for establishing Colonies of Roman citizens on the _ager publicus_. 11. +Fulvio Flacco+, slain with C. Gracchus, 121 B.C. 17. +pessum dedit+ = _has destroyed_. _pessum_ (prob.) = _pedis_ + _versum_ = _towards the feet, to the ground_, cf. _pessum ire_.]
+The aim of the Gracchi.+ ‘Their object was to reduce the excessive power of the nobility, and to make the sovereignty of the people, which had become merely nominal, a reality.’ --Ihne.