In this wise, the national element gradually permeated even the doctrine of Socialism which, in its essence, had always been opposed to it and had placed in its stead the principle of internationalism and class interests. On the other hand, an attempt was made to inject the Socialistic element into Zionism. Beginning with 1901, the _Poale-Zion_ ("The Zionist Workingmen") began to organize themselves in separate societies which proclaimed the territorial principle of Zionism as the only means of solving the Jewish social-economic question, proceeding from the assumption that in the lands of the Diaspora the Jewish masses would always be barred from the domain of big industry.
This national revival of Russian Jewry found its expression also in Jewish literature. The periodical press, particularly in the Hebrew language, exhibited new life and vigor, and in other domains of literary productivity various big talents made their appearance. As early as the end of the eighties, the two weekly Hebrew organs, the _ha-Melitz_ in St. Petersburg, and the _ha-Tzefirah_ in Warsaw, were transformed into dailies. The Hebrew annuals pursuing purely literary and scientific aims, such as the _ha-Asif_ ("The Harvest"), _Keneset Israel_ ("The Community of Israel"), _Pardes_ ("The Garden"), and others, made way for the more energetic _ha-Shiloah_, a monthly publication which reacted more rapidly on the questions of the day.[25] This review, which is the equal of the leading periodicals of Europe, exercised considerable influence upon the views of the nationalist Jewish youth during the period of transition from the nineteenth to the twentieth century.
At one and the same time, considerable headway was made by the periodical press in the popular vernacular, called Jargon, or Yiddish. The _Jüdisches Volksblatt_, a weekly publication, appeared in St. Petersburg from 1881 to 1890. The _Hausfreund_, the _Jüdische Volksbibliothek_, the _Jüdische Bibliothek_, edited by Spektor, Shalom Aleichem, and I. L. Perez, respectively, were published in Warsaw and Kiev between 1888 and 1895. _Der Jud_, a Yiddish weekly, was issued in Warsaw in 1899-1902.
As for the Jewish press in the Russian language, the former mouthpiece of the progressive _intelligenzia_, the _Voskhod_, which appeared at the same time as a weekly and as a monthly publication, leaned more and more towards the national movement. Another Russian-Jewish weekly, _Budushchnost_, "The Future," which appeared in St. Petersburg from 1899 to 1903, was Zionistic in tendency.