[16] From the article by Léon Cahun in Lavisse et Rambeaud, _Histoire Générale_, Vol. XII., p. 498. This article gives an excellent general survey of the intellectual development of the Moslem world in the nineteenth century.
[17] Especially his best-known book, _The Spirit of Islam_ (London, 1891).
[18] S. Khuda Bukhsh, _Essays: Indian and Islamic_, pp. 20, 24, 284. (London, 1912).
[20] For the liberal movement among the Russian Tartars, see Arminius Vambéry, _Western Culture in Eastern Lands_ (London, 1906).
[21] Ismael Hamet, _Les Musulmans français du Nord de l'Afrique_, p. 268 (Paris, 1906).
[22] S. Khuda Bukhsh, _op. cit._, p. 241.
[23] Sheikh Abd-ul-Haak, in Sherif Pasha's organ, _Mecheroutiette_, of August, 1921. Quoted from A. Servier, _Le Nationalisme musulman_, Constantine, Algeria, 1913.
[24] For such discussion of legal methods, see W. S. Blunt, _The Future of Islam_ (London, 1882); A. Le Chatelier, _L'Islam au dix-neuvième Siècle_ (Paris, 1888); Dr. Perron, _L'Islamisme_ (Paris, 1877); H. N. Brailsford "Modernism in Islam," _The Fortnightly Review_, September, 1908; Sir Theodore Morison, "Can Islam be Reformed?" _The Nineteenth Century and After_, October, 1908; M. Pickthall, "La Morale islamique," _Revue Politique Internationale_, July, 1916; XX, "L'Islam après la Guerre," _Revue de Paris_, 15 January, 1916.
Like all great movements, the Mohammedan Revival is highly complex. Starting with the simple, puritan protest of Wahabism, it has developed many phases, widely diverse and sometimes almost antithetical. In the previous chapter we examined the phase looking toward an evolutionary reformation of Islam and a genuine assimilation of the progressive spirit as well as the external forms of Western civilization. At the same time we saw that these liberal reformers are as yet only a minority, an élite; while the Moslem masses, still plunged in ignorance and imperfectly awakened from their age-long torpor, are influenced by other leaders of a very different character--men inclined to militant rather than pacific courses, and hostile rather than receptive to the West. These militant forces are, in their turn, complex. They may be grouped roughly under the general concepts known as "Pan-Islamism" and "Nationalism." It is to a consideration of the first of these two concepts, to Pan-Islamism, that this chapter is devoted.