[Footnote 150: Examples of such non-Christian States under protectorate are Zanzibar under Great Britain and Tunis under France.]
[Footnote 151: See below, § 226, and Perrinjaquet in R.G. XVI. (1909), pp. 316-367.]
Westlake, I. pp. 27-30--Lawrence, §§ 43 and 225--Taylor, § 133--Moore, I. § 12--Bluntschli, § 745--Heffter, § 145--Holtzendorff in Holtzendorff, II. pp. 643-646--Gareis, § 15--Liszt, § 6--Ullmann, § 27--Bonfils, Nos. 348-369--Despagnet, Nos. 137-146--Mérignhac, II. pp. 56-65--Pradier-Fodéré, II. Nos. 1001-1015--Nys, I. pp. 379-398--Rivier, I. § 7--Calvo, IV. §§ 2596-2610--Piccioni's "Essai sur la neutralité perpétuelle" (2nd ed. 1902)--Regnault, "Des effets de la neutralité perpétuelle" (1898)--Tswettcoff, "De la situation juridique des états neutralisés" (1895)--Morand in R.G. I. (1894), pp. 522-537--Hagerup in R.G. XII. (1909), pp. 577-602--Nys in R.I. 2nd Ser. II. (1900), pp. 468-583, III. (1901), p. 15--Westlake in R.I. 2nd Ser. III. (1901), pp. 389-397--Winslow in A.J. II. (1908), pp. 366-386--Wicker in A.J. V. (1911), pp. 639-654.
[Sidenote: Conception of Neutralised States.]
§ 95. A neutralised State is a State whose independence and integrity are for all the future guaranteed by an international convention of the Powers, under the condition that such State binds itself never to take up arms against any other State except for defence against attack, and never to enter into such international obligations as could indirectly drag it into war. The reason why a State asks or consents to become neutralised is that it is a weak State and does not want an active part in international politics, being exclusively devoted to peaceable developments of welfare. The reason why the Powers neutralise a weak State may be a different one in different cases. The chief reasons have been hitherto the balance of power in Europe and the interest in keeping up a weak State as a so-called Buffer-State between the territories of Great Powers.
Not to be confounded with neutralisation of States is neutralisation of parts of States,[152] of rivers, canals, and the like, which has the effect that war cannot there be made and prepared.
[Footnote 152: See below, Vol. II. § 72.]
[Sidenote: Act and Condition of Neutralisation.]