Ruth Murray Underhill (August 22, 1883 – August 15, 1984) was an American anthropologist. She was born in Ossining-on-the-Hudson, New York, and attended Vassar College, graduating in 1905 with a degree in Language and Literature. In 1907, she graduated from the London School of Economics and began travelling throughout Europe. During World War I, she worked for an Italian orphanage run by the Red Cross.
After the war, she married Charles C. Crawford and published her first book The White Moth. Her marriage ended in 1929 and by 1930, she decided to go back to school to learn more about human behavior. After speaking with Franz Boas and Ruth Benedict in the Anthropology Department at Columbia University, she decided to pursue the field, graduating with a doctorate in 1937. She wrote numerous books on Native American tribes and helped to dispel many myths about their cultures.
Life and family
Underhill was born in Ossining, New York on August 22, 1883, to Abram Sutton Underhill, a lawyer, and mother Anna Taber Murray Underhill. There has been some discussion among historians about her year of birth, but both a copy of her birth certificate and early census records indicate that she was born in this year rather than 1884. The oldest of four children, she had two sisters and a brother. Her sister Elizabeth was a suffragist, law school graduate and one of the first female bank directors, while her brother Robert was a professor at Harvard and mountaineer. Like her brother, she enjoyed mountain climbing as a hobby. Her family took the children on frequent camping trips to Europe.
In 1919, Ruth Underhill married Charles Cecil Crawford and they divorced amicably in 1929. She died in Denver, Colorado, on August 15, 1984, a week before her 100th birthday.
Education
Ruth grew up attending Ossining School for Girls. She attended a Bryn Mawr College preparatory school before instead entering Vassar College in 1901. She studied English and languages, receiving her A.B. with honors and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1905. After graduation she went on to travel in Europe and study languages and social sciences at London School of Economics and University of Munich. She became fluent in German, French, Italian, and Spanish.
Underhill decided to go back to school after her divorce at age 46. She later described her entry into Columbia University as "a search for something she could do to help humanity." After wandering from department to department taking classes in economics, sociology, and philosophy she eventually found herself in encouraged to pursue anthropology by Ruth Benedict. The anthropology department head, Franz Boaz provided funds for her to study the Tohono O’odham in Arizona (at the time called Papago Indians). She also received research funding from the Columbia University Social Science and Humanities Council. Her Ph.D. dissertation, Social Organization of the Papago Indians, was published in 1937.
Careers
Social Worker
In 1905, Underhill took a social worker position with the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children working with Italian cases. Toward the end of World War I she was employed as a social worker with the American Red Cross, Committee for Crippled and Disabled and was transferred to Civilian Relief to take charge of establishing orphanages in Italy in the summer of 1919. After the war she investigated child labor in Italy for the Rockefeller Foundation before returning to New York.
Writer
Also after Vasser, Underhill began to write for newspapers and magazines. In 1920, her first novel The White Moth, was published. One of her most popular books was Red Man's America, originally published in 1953. In 1956, KRMA-TV produced a series of 30 documentary films, which were adapted from the book and shared its title. Each film focused on a specific region in North America and examined the native peoples and their cultures of that region.
Anthropologist
Graduate school led her to conduct one of the earliest scientific studies of the Tohono O’odham of Arizona, a work that would establish Underhill in the profession. Because of her age, the Tohono O’odham allowed her to live with them for several summers. During this time, she could study the women closely. She later wrote a book titled Autobiography of a Papago Woman, which chronicled the life of Maria Chona, an elderly member of the Tohono O’odham Nation.