Kürnbach is a municipality in the district of Karlsruhe in southwestern Baden-Württemberg. This historic wine village features half timbered houses and lies around 60 kilometers northwest of Stuttgart. The village was once owned by two states and governed by three administrations, making it a constitutional rarity in Germany. Today it is known for its Schwarzriesling, or Black Riesling, which is actually a type of Pinot Noir.
Geography
Location
The historic wine village of Kürnbach, known as the Black Riesling village in the Kraichgau hill country, is one of the few communities in Germany with a history of shared governance. It is located in the northwestern Stromberg-Heuchelberg Nature Park near Zabergäu in the valley Humsterbaches. The Humsterbach was dammed as a retention basin east of the village next to Schlosswiesensee. To the west, the landscape opens up to the typical cultivated hill country of Kraichgau, while to the east a large contiguous forest area of Stromberg-Heuchelberg nature park begins.
Constituent communities
The municipality of Kürnbach includes the Aussiedlerhöfe Heiligenäcker and the estates of Humstermühle, Klostermühe, and Rohrmühle.
History
Middle Ages
In the time of Charlemagne there already stood a wooden church in Kürnbach, which was later replaced by a Romanesque stone building. The oldest surviving reference to Kürnbach dates back to 1278. It is a goods list of the monastery of Weissenburg. The document indicates that Kürnbach was already in the possession of the Benedictine monastery. About 100 years later, the name of a noble family of Kürnbach appears for the first time. In 1543 Kürnbach got the market right.
Condominium
The homeland poet Samuel Friedrich Sauter referred to Kürnbach as "... this market town of two states, divided into Hesse and Baden…". Thus the condominium Kürnbach offers a constitutional rarity. Two-thirds of the town belonged to the county Hesse and one-third to the Duchy of Württemberg (and from 1810 to the Grand Duchy of Baden). The village was divided into two states but had no border. Nationality was assigned based on specific inhabited houses, which means that a resident's citizenship could change with the purchase of a particular house.
Around 1300, two-thirds of Kürnbach became a fief of the Counts of Katzenlnbogen. Engelhard von Liebenstein pledged the other part of the village to the Duchy of Württemberg in 1320. In 1479, the Counts of Katzenlnbogen were inherited by the Landgraves of Hesse. Kürnbach now belonged two-thirds to the county Hesse and one-third to the Duchy of Württemberg, forming a condominium. Individual cultivated land was assigned to one of the two dominions but could change these as well. Therefore, there were three different administrations, pertaining respectively to Hesse, Württemberg (later Baden) and the condominium as a whole.
After the fractional division of land, the Hessian proportion came to the county Hesse-Darmstadt. With the peace of Schönbrunn, the Württemberg proportion came to the Grand Duchy of Baden. Kürnbach formed an enclave in Baden state territory and bordered the rest of the Kingdom of Württemberg. In 1835, a separate municipal code was issued. There were two mayors elected for a six-year term, and each mayor chaired the council for three years and ran his own registry office.
Three municipal calculations had to be conducted: one Baden, one Hessian and one for the condominium, with two different financial years on two different legal bases. The residents of Kürnbach profited from this, because they paid less than "true" Badeners or Hesse. In addition, during the 19th century, Hesse consistently resisted ceding rights in Kürnbach to Baden.
After the founding of the Reich in 1871 and the subsequent legal unification, the constitutional construct Kürnbach in fact appeared more abstruse and the privileges of the "tax haven" were reduced. Despite Kürnbachers' resistance, a state treaty between the two states was concluded on May 11, 1903 in Heidelberg. It was determined that Kürnbach would belong to the Grand Duchy of Baden from 1 January 1905. In exchange, the Grand Duchy of Hesse received the enclave Michelbuch and almost 300 ha of Baden forest near Heddesbach.
Emigration to America
In the middle of the 19th century, the poverty rate was particularly high. In addition to poor harvests, there were many wine-losing years, which led to a wave of emigration to America.
The most famous Kürnbacher was John Adam Treutlen, who later became governor of Georgia. Other well-known emigrants are Blickensdörfer, Pfeiffer, Krämer and Weisert.